{"id":659,"date":"2023-09-12T13:35:46","date_gmt":"2023-09-12T10:35:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/?p=659"},"modified":"2023-09-12T13:35:46","modified_gmt":"2023-09-12T10:35:46","slug":"turk-vatandasi-olan-iscinin-turk-isveren-adina-yurt-disinda-calistigi-doneme-dair-uyusmazliklarda-uygulanacak-hukuk-milletlerarasi-ozel-hukuk-ve-usul-hukuku-hakkinda-kanun-uyarinca-iscinin-calismasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/12\/turk-vatandasi-olan-iscinin-turk-isveren-adina-yurt-disinda-calistigi-doneme-dair-uyusmazliklarda-uygulanacak-hukuk-milletlerarasi-ozel-hukuk-ve-usul-hukuku-hakkinda-kanun-uyarinca-iscinin-calismasi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin, T\u00fcrk i\u015fveren ad\u0131na yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme dair uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda uygulanacak hukuk, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun uyar\u0131nca i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke hukukudur."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T.C. YARGITAY HUKUK GENEL KURULU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00dcRK M\u0130LLET\u0130 ADINA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

YARGITAY \u0130L\u00c2MI
Esas No : 2023\/9-196
Karar No : 2023\/520<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130NCELENEN KARARIN
MAHKEMES\u0130 : \u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 30. Hukuk Dairesi
TAR\u0130H\u0130 : \u2026\u2026..
SAYISI : 2022\/\u2026. E., 2022\/\u2026. K.
DAVACI : \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 vekili Avukat \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
DAVALI : \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 vekili Avukat \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
DAVA TAR\u0130H\u0130 : 14.12.2016
KARAR : Davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne
TEMY\u0130Z EDEN : Daval\u0131 vekili, Davac\u0131 vekili
\u00d6ZEL DA\u0130RE KARARI : Yarg\u0131tay 9. Hukuk Dairesinin \u2026\u2026.. tarihli ve
2022\/\u2026. Esas, 2022\/\u2026. Karar say\u0131l\u0131 BOZMA karar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7ilik alaca\u011f\u0131 davas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 yap\u0131lan yarg\u0131lama sonunda \u0130lk Derece
Mahkemesince davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karar\u0131n taraf vekilleri taraf\u0131ndan istinaf edilmesi \u00fczerine B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesince daval\u0131n\u0131n istinaf
ba\u015fvurusunun esastan reddine, davac\u0131n\u0131n istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun kabul\u00fc ile \u0130lk Derece Mahkemesi karar\u0131
kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p d\u00fczeltilerek yeniden esas hakk\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmak suretiyle davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar
verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi karar\u0131 taraf vekilleri taraf\u0131ndan temyiz edilmesi \u00fczerine Yarg\u0131tay 9. Hukuk
Dairesince yap\u0131lan inceleme sonunda bozulmu\u015f, B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00d6zel Daire bozma
karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direnilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Direnme karar\u0131 taraf vekilleri taraf\u0131ndan temyiz edilmekle; kesinlik, s\u00fcre, temyiz \u015fart\u0131 ve di\u011fer usul
eksiklikleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan \u00f6n inceleme sonucunda, temyiz dilek\u00e7elerinin kabul\u00fcne karar verildikten
sonra Tetkik H\u00e2kimi taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan g\u00fcndem ve dosyadaki belgeler incelenip gere\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. DAVA
Davac\u0131 vekili dava dilek\u00e7esinde; m\u00fcvekkilinin daval\u0131 \u015firketin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan \u015fantiyelerinde
personel uzman\u0131 olarak 29.03.2007-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131nda en son ayl\u0131k net 2.900,00 USD \u00fccretle
\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n haftan\u0131n 6 g\u00fcn\u00fc 08:00-20:00 saatleri aras\u0131, Pazar g\u00fcnleri ise 09:00-18:00 saatleri
aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu, iki haftada bir Pazar g\u00fcnleri hafta tatili kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fccreti
alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daval\u0131dan tahsiline karar verilmesini talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. CEVAP
Daval\u0131 vekili cevap dilek\u00e7esinde; davac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f g\u00f6rme borcunu yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede ifa etmesi nedeniyle i\u015f
ili\u015fkisinin yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul
Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun’a (5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun) g\u00f6re uygulanacak hukukun tespiti gerekti\u011fini,
alacaklar\u0131n zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer iddialar\u0131n\u0131n da yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek davan\u0131n reddi
gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. \u0130LK DERECE MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI
\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesinin \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. tarihli ve 2016\/\u2026. Esas, 2019\/\u2026. Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile taraflar\u0131n T\u00fcrk
oldu\u011fu, aralar\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde anla\u015fman\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sadece i\u015f g\u00f6rme
ediminin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ifa edilmesinin i\u015fe yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru kazand\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak T\u00fcrk
Hukukunun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n daval\u0131 \u015firketin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fantiyesinde 9 y\u0131l 2 ay 29 g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve son
net \u00fccretinin 2.900,00 USD oldu\u011fu, tan\u0131k beyanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re davac\u0131n\u0131n fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle
davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. \u0130ST\u0130NAF
A. \u0130stinaf Yoluna Ba\u015fvuranlar
\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesinin yukar\u0131da belirtilen karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde taraf vekilleri istinaf
ba\u015fvurusunda bulunmu\u015ftur.
B. Gerek\u00e7e ve Sonu\u00e7
B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesinin \u2026\u2026\u2026. tarihli ve 2019\/\u2026. Esas, 2021\/\u2026. Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile davac\u0131n\u0131n
T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131, daval\u0131 i\u015fverenin de T\u00fcrk \u015firketi oldu\u011fu, i\u015fyeri merkezinin T\u00fcrkiye’de bulundu\u011fu, mutad
i\u015fyerinin T\u00fcrkiye olmas\u0131 nedeniyle 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesi gere\u011fi yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke hukukunun
uygulanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daval\u0131 vekilinin itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
s\u00fcresinin belirlenmesinde ve faiz ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda hata yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan davac\u0131 vekilinin istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun
yerinde oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle daval\u0131 vekilinin istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun esastan reddine, davac\u0131 vekilinin
istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun kabul\u00fc ile ilk derece mahkemesi karar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p d\u00fczeltilerek yeniden esas hakk\u0131nda
h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmak suretiyle davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. BOZMA VE BOZMADAN SONRAK\u0130 YARGILAMA S\u00dcREC\u0130
A. Bozma Karar\u0131B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesinin yukar\u0131da belirtilen karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde taraf vekilleri temyiz
isteminde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yarg\u0131tay 9. Hukuk Dairesinin yukar\u0131da tarih ve say\u0131s\u0131 belirtilen karar\u0131 ile “\u2026Taraflar aras\u0131nda i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygulanacak hukuk konusunda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bulunmaktad\u0131r.
Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, bir hukuk\u00ee i\u015flemi veya ili\u015fkiyi ya da olay\u0131 birden fazla devletin hukuku ile irtibatl\u0131
h\u00e2le getiren unsurdur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin veya i\u015fverenin yabanc\u0131 olmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin i\u015fletme merkezinin yabanc\u0131 bir
\u00fclkede bulunmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendi i\u015fini mutad olarak yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 veya i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin yabanc\u0131
bir \u00fclke ile s\u0131k\u0131 irtibatl\u0131 oldu\u011funun durumun genelinden anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi h\u00e2llerde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde
yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsurunun bulundu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun (M\u00d6HUK)\u2019un 40. maddesine
g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin milletleraras\u0131 yetkisini, i\u00e7 hukukun yer itibariyle yetki kurallar\u0131 belirler. Ayn\u0131
Kanun\u2019un 44. maddesi ise, bireysel i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden veya i\u015f ili\u015fkisinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda T\u00fcrk
mahkemelerinin milletleraras\u0131 yetkisini tayin eden \u00f6zel bir yetki kural\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, bireysel i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden veya i\u015f ili\u015fkisinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutaden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyerinin
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulundu\u011fu yer mahkemesi yetkilidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda i\u015fverenin
yerle\u015fim yeri, i\u015f\u00e7inin yerle\u015fim yeri veya mutad meskeninin bulundu\u011fu T\u00fcrk mahkemeleri de yetkilidir.
M\u00d6HUK\u2019un 2. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2kimin, T\u00fcrk kanunlar ihtil\u00e2f\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve yetkili olan
yabanc\u0131 hukuku re\u2019sen uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 ve yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011finin tespitinde taraflardan yard\u0131m
isteyebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011finin tespiti, \u00f6zel ve teknik bir bilgiyi gerektirdi\u011finden,
h\u00e2kim gerekirse bilirki\u015fi incelemesine de gidebilir. Yabanc\u0131 hukukun olaya ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin t\u00fcm
ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen tespit edilememesi h\u00e2linde, T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulan\u0131r (M\u00d6HUK m. 2(2)).
M\u00d6HUK\u2019un 5. maddesine g\u00f6re, yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun belirli bir olaya uygulanan h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrk
kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanmaz; gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u00e2llerde, T\u00fcrk
hukuku uygulan\u0131r. Kamu d\u00fczeni m\u00fcdahalesi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve istisna\u00ee niteliktedir. T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczeninin ihl\u00e2lini
gerektirecek h\u00e2ller, \u00e7o\u011funlukla emredici bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihl\u00e2li halinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclecektir. Fakat her
emredici h\u00fckm\u00fcn ihl\u00e2li halinde veya her emredici h\u00fckm\u00fc ihl\u00e2l eden bir yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n T\u00fcrk kamu
d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. (Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel
Kurulu Karar\u0131, E. 2010\/1 K. 2012\/1 T. 10.02.2012). \u00d6rne\u011fin, ihbar ve k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 ile y\u0131ll\u0131k izin,
fazla mesai, hafta ve genel tatil alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7 hukukumuz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan emredici
nitelikte olmakla birlikte, bunlara dair yabanc\u0131 hukukun farkl\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmeleri, s\u0131rf farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle
somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durum de\u011ferlendirilmeden M\u00d6HUK m. 5 uyar\u0131nca kamu d\u00fczeni
m\u00fcdahalesine neden olmaz. Keza uygulanmas\u0131 gereken yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iye T\u00fcrk hukukundan daha
az koruma getirmesi de tek ba\u015f\u0131na kamu d\u00fczeni m\u00fcdahalesi i\u00e7in yeterli bir sebep de\u011fildir. Kanunlar
ihtil\u00e2f\u0131 hukukundaki kamu d\u00fczeni anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, i\u00e7 hukukun kamu d\u00fczeni anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 ve daha dar
kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir yabanc\u0131 hukuk kural\u0131 T\u00fcrk hukukunun temel de\u011ferlerine, T\u00fcrk genel adap ve ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na,
T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve hukuk siyasetine, Anayasa\u2019da yer alan temel hak
ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere milletleraras\u0131 alanda ge\u00e7erli ortak ve kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f hukuk prensiplerine, ikili
anla\u015fmalara, geli\u015fmi\u015f toplumlar\u0131n ortak benimsedikleri ahlak ve adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na, medeniyet seviyesine
siyasi ve ekonomik rejimine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde kamu d\u00fczenimize ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilir
(Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel Kurulu Karar\u0131, E. 2010\/1 K. 2012\/1 T. 10.02.2012). \u00d6rne\u011fin
yabanc\u0131 hukukun, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ya da \u00fccret ve di\u011fer haklarda \u0131rka dayal\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k
yap\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermesi kamu d\u00fczenimize ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen di\u011fer bir durum ise, do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallard\u0131r
(m\u00fcdahaleci normlar). Bu kurallar, taraflardan ziyade, devlet organizasyonunun sosyal, ekonomik ve
politik menfaatlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lar. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan vatanda\u015f yabanc\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeden,
yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131s\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n, hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131ls\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n, uygulama alan\u0131na giren her ilgili
olay ve hukuk\u00ee ili\u015fkide mutlaka uygulanmas\u0131 gereken kurallard\u0131r (\u015eANLI, Cemal\/ESEN,
Emre\/ATAMAN-F\u0130GANME\u015eE, \u0130nci, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk, \u0130stanbul 2019, s. 7; \u00c7EL\u0130KEL,
Aysel\/ERDEM, B. Bahad\u0131r, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk, \u0130stanbul 2020, s. 155). \u0130\u015f hukukunda i\u015f\u00e7iyi
koruyan her emredici kural, do\u011frudan uygulanan kural olarak nitelendirilmez; ayr\u0131ca devlet
organizasyonunun sosyal, ekonomik ve politik menfaatlerini de korumas\u0131 gerekir. Bununla birlikte,
emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmler ile do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131n ay\u0131rt edilmesi her zaman kolay de\u011fildir ve
tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallara, kamu hukuku nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, \u00f6zel i\u015f\u00e7i
gruplar\u0131n\u0131 koruyucu h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve yasal greve ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler ve asgar\u00ee \u00fccrete ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6rnek
olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir (EL\u00c7\u0130N, Do\u011fa, Milletleraras\u0131 Unsurlu Bireysel ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine
Uygulanacak Hukuk, Ankara 2012, s. 189-195). Devlet organizasyonun korunmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu olayda \u00fclke ile
belirli bir \u015fekilde irtibatl\u0131 ya da \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde s\u00f6z konusu olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin,
tamamen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ifa edilen bir i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde T\u00fcrk hukukundaki asgar\u00ee \u00fccrete ili\u015fkin kural\u0131n
uygulama alan\u0131na giren bir olay ya da ihtil\u00e2f s\u00f6z konusu olmaz (AYG\u00dcL, Musa, \u201cYabanc\u0131 Unsurlu \u0130\u015f
Hukuku \u0130htil\u00e2flar\u0131 ile \u0130lgili Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi\u201d, (Edit\u00f6rler, TANRIB\u0130L\u0130R, Feriha
Bilge\/G\u00dcM\u00dc\u015eL\u00dc TUN\u00c7A\u011eI) G\u00fclce, 10. Y\u0131l\u0131nda Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda
Kanun, Ankara 2017, s. 525-526; VURAL \u00c7ELENK, Belk\u0131s, \u201cYabanc\u0131 Unsurlu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde For
Devletinin Do\u011frudan Uygulanan Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Tespiti ve Uygulamas\u0131\u201d, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t Hukuk Dergisi,
2017\/1, s. 286).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00d6HUK m. 27(1) uyar\u0131nca i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile irtibatl\u0131 olsun olmas\u0131n diledikleri
bir \u00fclkenin hukukunu se\u00e7ebilirler. Ancak taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7mi\u015f olduklar\u0131 bu hukuk d\u00fczeninin, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad
i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgar\u00ee koruman\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde
mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulan\u0131r. Bu durumda, se\u00e7ilen hukuk ile mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku aras\u0131nda bir
yararl\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r (DO\u011eAN, Vahit, \u201c5718 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanununa G\u00f6re \u0130\u015f Akdine
Uygulanacak Hukukun Tespiti\u201d, Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2007, C. XI, S. 1-2, s. 153;
B\u00dcY\u00dcKALP SARI\u00d6Z, A. \u0130pek, \u201cMutad \u0130\u015fyeri Kavram\u0131 ve M\u00d6HUK m.27\/f.3\u2019\u00fcn Uygulanmas\u0131 Sorunu\u201d,
Hacettepe Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2018, C. 8, S. 2, s. 211-212; EL\u00c7\u0130N, s. 89-100). Mutad i\u015fyeri, i\u015fin
zaman ve i\u00e7erik olarak a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 ifa edildi\u011fi i\u015fyeridir. Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla, mutad i\u015fyeri, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini fiilen
yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccretinin ne \u015fekilde ve hangi para biriminden \u00f6dendi\u011fi mutad i\u015fyerinin
belirlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyici de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin
montaj i\u00e7in yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6revlendirilmesi durumunda, bu i\u015fyeri mutad i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayacakt\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ici
\u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ne kadar olaca\u011f\u0131 her olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmelidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i sadece
yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in i\u015fe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa ya da i\u015fveren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak \u00fczere yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi
i\u015f\u00e7isini geri alma niyetinden veya i\u015f\u00e7i geri d\u00f6nme niyetinden vazge\u00e7erse, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeye g\u00f6nderilen
i\u015f\u00e7inin fiilen \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, mutad i\u015fyeri h\u00e2line gelir (AYG\u00dcL, Musa\/\u00c7OBAN, Nazl\u0131, \u201cBirden Fazla
\u00dclkede \u0130fa Edilen \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde Mutad \u0130\u015fyerinin Tespiti\u201d, Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, 2020, S. 169, s.
1822-1824;EL\u00c7\u0130N, s. 118-137; B\u00dcY\u00dcKALP SARI\u00d6Z, s. 217).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflar uygulanacak hukuku se\u00e7memi\u015flerse veya yapm\u0131\u015f
olduklar\u0131 hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 herhangi bir sebepten ge\u00e7erli de\u011filse, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131
i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulan\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu i\u015fyeri mutad
i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmaz (M\u00d6HUK m. 27(2)). \u0130\u015fin birden fazla \u00fclkede ifa edilmesinde de, mutad i\u015fyerinin tespitine
\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu h\u00e2lde mutad i\u015fyeri, Avrupa Birli\u011fi Adalet Divan\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda ve doktrinde belirtildi\u011fi
\u00fczere, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ifa faaliyetlerini veya ifa faaliyetlerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi yer, i\u015f\u00e7inin esas
olarak i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirdi\u011fi yer, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ifa etmek \u00fczere hangi \u00fclkede
daha \u00e7ok zaman ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi, i\u015fin organize edildi\u011fi yer, i\u015fin esas k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131
yer gibi kriterlerden hareket edilebilir (Yarg\u0131tay 22. HD, E. 2016\/9339 K. 2019\/16564, T. 18.09.2019;
AYG\u00dcL\/\u00c7OBAN, 1822-1824). Ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini belirli bir \u00fclkede mutad olarak yapmay\u0131p devaml\u0131
olarak birden fazla \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke
hukukuna t\u00e2bidir (M\u00d6HUK m. 27(3)). Esas i\u015fyeri ile kastedilen, i\u015fverenin i\u015fyeri merkezinin bulundu\u011fu
\u00fclkedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u00e7\u0131k denizlerde g\u00f6rev alan gemi adamlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke
hukuku \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Ancak h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun
bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku ve i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukuku
yerine bu hukuk uygulanabilir (M\u00d6HUK m. 27(4)). Daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131ndaki en
\u00f6nemli unsur, i\u015f\u00e7inin menfaatidir (EL\u00c7\u0130N, s. 147). \u00d6rne\u011fin, i\u015f\u00e7inin sosyal \u00e7evresinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de
bulunmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sosyal g\u00fcvence sistemi i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131, \u00fccretinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131
\u00fczerinden \u00f6denmesi, i\u015fverenin T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin T\u00fcrk hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc kurumlar g\u00f6zetilerek
d\u00fczenlenmesi, T\u00fcrk hukukuna t\u00e2bi daha \u00f6nceki bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin
T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi unsurlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2linde, i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin T\u00fcrk hukuku ile s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131labilir (EL\u00c7\u0130N, 152).
S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin belirli s\u00fcreli olarak yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sona ermesi nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin
hak kazanaca\u011f\u0131 tazminatlar, fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, y\u0131ll\u0131k izin, i\u015fverence yap\u0131lan uygulama ve \u00f6demelerin niteli\u011fi,
zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi hususlar M\u00d6HUK m. 27 uyar\u0131nca tayin edilen hukuka g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Hafta
tatili, din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee bayram g\u00fcnleri ve \u00fccretlerini d\u00fczenleyen h\u00fck\u00fcmler, do\u011frudan uygulanan kurald\u0131r;
ancak uygulama alan\u0131na giren i\u015f ili\u015fkilerine uygulan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin tamamen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ifa edilen bir i\u015f
ili\u015fkisinde, din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee bayram g\u00fcnleri T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re belirlenemez (AYG\u00dcL, s. 528; ERDO\u011eAN,
Ersin\/ERDO\u011eAN, Canan, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131na G\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Hakk\u0131nda Yarg\u0131tay Karar\u0131n\u0131n
De\u011ferlendirilmesi\u201d, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, 2016, C. 13, S. 50, s. 971-972).
Somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta; davac\u0131 taraf daval\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 in\u015faat projelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00fccretinin ABD
Dolar\u0131 olarak \u00f6dendi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek \u00f6denmeyen fazla mesai \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131
istemi\u015f, daval\u0131 i\u015fveren ise taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde yabanc\u0131
hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk Derece Mahkemesince, daval\u0131 vekilinin bu
savunmas\u0131na de\u011fer verilmeksizin, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131lama
sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve istinaf kanun yolu incelemesinde de daval\u0131n\u0131n bu y\u00f6ndeki istinaf ba\u015fvurusu; somut
olayda davac\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131, daval\u0131 \u015firketin T\u00fcrk \u015firketi oldu\u011fu, davac\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin ikametinin
T\u00fcrkiye’de, daval\u0131 \u015firketinin merkezinin de T\u00fcrkiye’de bulundu\u011fu, \u00f6rnekleri sunulan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hizmet
akdinde 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasaya at\u0131fta bulunuldu\u011fu gibi davac\u0131n\u0131n mutad i\u015fyerinin T\u00fcrkiye olmas\u0131 nedeniyle
ge\u00e7ici olarak yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bunu ortadan kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek reddedilmi\u015f
ise de var\u0131lan sonu\u00e7 dosya kapsam\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re davac\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin daval\u0131 nezdinde 29.03.2007-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131nda
Rusya\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Davac\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6neminde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru mevcut olmakla
birlikte taraflar aras\u0131nda hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bulunmayan d\u00f6nemlerde
T\u00fcrk hukukunun ve 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131nda bir isabetsizlik olmasa da B\u00f6lge
Adliye Mahkemesi karar gerek\u00e7esinde belirtilenin aksine taraflar aras\u0131nda 29.12.2011 ve 21.10.2015
tarihli belirsiz s\u00fcreli yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131, 29.12.2011 tarihli yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin
taraflar\u0131n i\u015f ili\u015fkisindeki hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi ve fazla mesai \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131na
ili\u015fkin maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtildi\u011fi, yine s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 16.
maddesinde de anla\u015fmazl\u0131k halinde uygulanacak mevzuata ili\u015fkin ihtilaf durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fme
maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funun belirtildi\u011fi hususlardaki ihtilaflar\u0131n
\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6ncelikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ifade edildi\u011fi, 21.10.2015 tarihli yurt
d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131n i\u015f ili\u015fkisindeki hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi ve fazla mesai
\u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtildi\u011fi, yine
s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 16. maddesinde de anla\u015fmazl\u0131k halinde uygulanacak mevzuata ili\u015fkin ihtilaf durumunda
s\u00f6zle\u015fme maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funun belirtildi\u011fi hususlardaki ihtilaflar\u0131n
\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6ncelikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ifade edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re
29.12.2011-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile bir hukuk
se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Davac\u0131, dava konusu fazla mesai \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu s\u00f6z
konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6neminde daval\u0131ya ait Rusya\u2019da bulunan i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olup, bu durumda ilgili
d\u00f6nemde mutad i\u015fyerinin de i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini fiilen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya oldu\u011fu sabittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bu hususlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, M\u00d6HUK\u2019un 27\/1. h\u00fckm\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n
29.12.2011-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131
bulundu\u011fundan, dava konusu alaca\u011f\u0131n ait oldu\u011fu s\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda Rusya
Hukuku\u2019nun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca, gerekirse Rusya Hukuku\u2019nda uzman bir
bilirki\u015fiden de rapor al\u0131nmak suretiyle, dava konusu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve
dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki delil durumu birlikte de\u011ferlendirilerek sonucuna g\u00f6re bir karar verilmesi
gerekmektedir. Bu maddi ve hukuki olgular g\u00f6zetilmeden yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesi hatal\u0131 olup
karar\u0131n bu sebeple bozulmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir\u2026.” gerek\u00e7esiyle sair temyiz itirazlar\u0131 incelenmeksizin karar
bozulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesince Verilen Direnme Karar\u0131
B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesinin yukar\u0131da tarih ve say\u0131s\u0131 belirtilen karar\u0131 ile davac\u0131 ile imzalanan matbu
nitelikteki yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hizmet akdinin maddelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunmakla birlikte
i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131na t\u00e2bi olaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131 konusunda bilgilendirme
y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmemesi sebebiyle ge\u00e7erli kabul edilemeyece\u011fi, 28.10.1960 tarihli ve 10641
say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan 95 no’lu \u00dccretlerin Korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ILO S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin 14 \u00fcnc\u00fc
maddesine uygun bildirim yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6rece e\u015fit konumda olan taraflar
bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6z konusu olabilece\u011fi, i\u015fi alamama ya da i\u015f kayb\u0131 endi\u015fesiyle ekonomik \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunan
i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalamamas\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131f konumda olan i\u015f\u00e7iden
beklenemeyece\u011fi, davac\u0131n\u0131n mutad ikametinin de T\u00fcrkiye’de olup T\u00fcrk firmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye’de yap\u0131lan i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6nderildi\u011finden \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131ndan haberdar
olabilecek bilgi ve e\u011fitim seviyesinde olmas\u0131n\u0131n da beklenemeyece\u011fi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00fczenlenen s\u00f6zle\u015fmede
T\u00fcrk Hukukuna g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi, feshin T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu h\u00e2li ile fiili
uygulaman\u0131n T\u00fcrk Hukukuna g\u00f6re oldu\u011fu ve i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesindeki hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin h\u00fckm\u00fcn
taraflarca uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmde direnilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI. TEMY\u0130Z
A. Temyiz Yoluna Ba\u015fvuranlar
Direnme karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde taraf vekillerince temyiz isteminde bulunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B. Temyiz Sebepleri
1.Davac\u0131 vekili, fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131ndan karineye dayal\u0131 indirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir
herhangi bir neden bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi indirim tutar\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek karar\u0131n
bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Daval\u0131 vekili, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca
taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi hukuka t\u00e2bi oldu\u011funu, hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fsa ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca
i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer hukukunun uygulanacak olmas\u0131 nedeniyle eldeki davada da se\u00e7ilen
yabanc\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek karar\u0131n bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k
Direnme yoluyla Hukuk Genel Kurulu \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k; davac\u0131n\u0131n 29.03.2007-27.06.2016
tarihleri aras\u0131nda Rusya’da ge\u00e7en \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin 29.12.2011 ve 21.10.2015 tarihli yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kapsam\u0131nda Rusya Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda 5718 say\u0131l\u0131
Kanun\u2019un 27 nci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na uygun ve ge\u00e7erli bir hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131klar\u0131
ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00f6nemlerde Rusya Hukukunun mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; buradan var\u0131lacak sonuca
g\u00f6re 29.12.2011-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Rusya Hukukunun mu yoksa s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen
hukuk se\u00e7iminin ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun T\u00fcrk Hukuku oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fcne g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk
Hukukunun mu uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D. Gerek\u00e7e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lgili Hukuk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un “Yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 2 nci maddesinin birinci ve ikinci
f\u0131kralar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:
” (1) H\u00e2kim, T\u00fcrk kanunlar ihtil\u00e2f\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kurallara g\u00f6re yetkili olan yabanc\u0131 hukuku
re\u2019sen uygular. H\u00e2kim, yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun muhtevas\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde taraflar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilir.
(2) Yabanc\u0131 hukukun olaya ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen tespit edilememesi
h\u00e2linde, T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulan\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un “Kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 5 inci maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:
“(1) Yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun belirli bir olaya uygulanan h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a
ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanmaz; gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u00e2llerde, T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulan\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un “T\u00fcrk hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 6 nc\u0131 maddesi
\u015f\u00f6yledir:
“(1) Yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, d\u00fczenleme amac\u0131 ve uygulama alan\u0131
bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren h\u00e2llerde o kural
uygulan\u0131r.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un “\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 27 nci maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:
“(1) \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131
asgar\u00ee koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla, taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka t\u00e2bidir.
(2) Taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad
olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulan\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu
i\u015fyeri mutad i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmaz.
(3) \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini belirli bir \u00fclkede mutad olarak yapmay\u0131p devaml\u0131 olarak birden fazla \u00fclkede
yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukukuna t\u00e2bidir.
(4) Ancak h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131
h\u00e2linde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yerine bu hukuk uygulanabilir.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun (6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun) genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin 20 ila
25 inci maddeleri \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“I. Genel olarak
MADDE 20- Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131, bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fczenleyenin, ileride \u00e7ok say\u0131daki
benzer s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kullanmak amac\u0131yla, \u00f6nceden, tek ba\u015f\u0131na haz\u0131rlayarak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa sundu\u011fu s\u00f6zle\u015fme
h\u00fck\u00fcmleridir. Bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n, s\u00f6zle\u015fme metninde veya ekinde yer almas\u0131, kapsam\u0131, yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015fekli,
nitelendirmede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maz.
Ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la d\u00fczenlenen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin metinlerinin \u00f6zde\u015f olmamas\u0131, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi
h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez.
Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye veya ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye konulan bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n her
birinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larak kabul edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar, tek ba\u015f\u0131na, onlar\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu olmaktan
\u00e7\u0131karmaz.
Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler, sunduklar\u0131 hizmetleri kanun veya yetkili makamlar
taraf\u0131ndan verilen izinle y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere de, niteliklerine
bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


II. Kapsam\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma
MADDE 21- Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kapsam\u0131na
girmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa, bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda
a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verip, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131na ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n da bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul
etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.
S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine ve i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 olan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 da yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lman\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye etkisi
MADDE 22- S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri
ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur. Bu durumda d\u00fczenleyen, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan ko\u015fullar olmasayd\u0131 di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle
s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayacak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcremez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Yorumlanmas\u0131
MADDE 23- Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yer alan bir h\u00fck\u00fcm, a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011filse veya birden
\u00e7ok anlama geliyorsa, d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. De\u011fi\u015ftirme yasa\u011f\u0131
MADDE 24- Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede veya ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer
alan ve d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir
h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da yeni d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. \u0130\u00e7erik denetimi
MADDE 25- Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine
veya onun durumunu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4904 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumu ile \u0130lgili Baz\u0131 D\u00fczenlemeler Hakk\u0131nda Kanun (4904 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130stihdam Hizmetleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi (Y\u00f6netmelik)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De\u011ferlendirme
1.Bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 hukukunun kapsam\u0131na girebilmesi i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru
i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, hukuki i\u015flemi bir devletin hukuk d\u00fczeni d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en az bir veya daha
fazla hukuk d\u00fczeni ile irtibatl\u0131 h\u00e2le getiren unsurdur. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, \u015fah\u0131s bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ve yer
bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. \u015eah\u0131s bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, ki\u015finin tabiiyet durumuna, yer
bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru hukuki ili\u015fkinin h\u00e2kimin bulundu\u011fu devletin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle
ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Buradan hareketle i\u015f\u00e7inin ya da i\u015fverenin yabanc\u0131 olmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin i\u015fletme merkezinin
yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunmas\u0131 veya i\u015fin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede ifa edilmesi h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k
unsuru s\u00f6z konusu olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkilerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc konusunda
yetkili bir milletleraras\u0131 mahkeme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu t\u00fcr uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda her devlet kendi
mahkemelerinin yetkisini kendisi belirlemektedir. T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin milletleraras\u0131 yetkisini
belirleyen kurallar da 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 40 \u0131nc\u0131 maddesinde genel olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, devam\u0131nda ise
i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve i\u015f ili\u015fkilerine ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden 44 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinde \u00f6zel kural
\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun’un 1 inci maddesinde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k
unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zel hukuka ili\u015fkin i\u015flem ve ili\u015fkilerde uygulanacak hukukun bu Kanun’a g\u00f6re
belirlenece\u011fi, 2 nci maddesinde h\u00e2kimin T\u00fcrk kanunlar ihtil\u00e2f\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu kurallara g\u00f6re yetkili
olan yabanc\u0131 hukuku resen uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 ve yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun muhtevas\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde taraflar\u0131n
yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kapsamda olmak \u00fczere 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile ilgili
kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 kurallar\u0131na yer verilmi\u015f olup maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun
sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla taraflar\u0131n irade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda uygulanacak
hukuku se\u00e7meleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re se\u00e7ilen hukukun ilgili kurallar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131
i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6n\u00fcnden mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 asgari korumadan daha lehe h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermesi
gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi hukuk ile mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku
kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak suretiyle de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 maddesinin birinci
f\u0131kras\u0131ndaki taraflara hukuk se\u00e7imi tan\u0131yan kural subjektif ba\u011flama kural\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinin devam eden
f\u0131kralar\u0131nda ise objektif ba\u011flama kurallar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu kurallar taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131
veya hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00e2hi olsa yararl\u0131l\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finde \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan
d\u00fczenlemeler olup ikinci f\u0131kraya g\u00f6re taraflarca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine
i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer hukuku uygulanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutad i\u015fyeri kavram\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini fiilen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, i\u015finin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in
zaman\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi yer anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenledir ki, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7ici g\u00f6revlendirilmesi yani ge\u00e7ici
olarak i\u015fini yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu yer mutad i\u015fyeri olmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fin belirli bir yerde yap\u0131lmay\u0131p s\u00fcrekli
olarak i\u015fin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin de\u011fi\u015fmesi h\u00e2linde de mutad i\u015fyerinden bahsedilemeyecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u00fcrekli
olarak de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6steri yapan m\u00fczik ve g\u00f6steri topluluklar\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 alanda faaliyet
g\u00f6steren deniz, hava veya karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 seyahat eden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n mutad i\u015fyeri
tespit edilememektedir (Cemal \u015eanl\u0131, Emre Esen, \u0130nci Ataman Figanme\u015fe, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk,
Yedinci Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2019, s.305).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri belirlenirken s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00fcresinin tamam\u0131nda belirlenen t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar dikkate
al\u0131nmal\u0131, i\u015f g\u00f6rme ediminin d\u00fczenli ve s\u00fcrekli olarak ve bir b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde nerede ifa edildi\u011fi tespit
edilmelidir. Bu sebeple mutad i\u015fyerinin belirlenmesi s\u00fcrecinde i\u015f\u00e7inin fiili i\u015fyeri \u00f6nem arz etmeyecektir.
Avrupa Adalet Divan\u0131n\u0131n bir karar\u0131nda da i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri belirlenirken bu faaliyetin ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131
\u00f6zelli\u011fini ortaya koyan t\u00fcm etkenler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n
yerine getirildi\u011fi yerin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir (AAD, Heiko Koelzsch v. Etat du
Grand-Duch\u00e9 de Luxembourg C-29\/10, 15.03.2011). Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 07.06.1989
tarihli ve 1989\/10-316 Esas, 1989\/41 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da benzer hususlar vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutad i\u015fyeri hukuku hem hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lan h\u00e2llerde hem de hukuk se\u00e7iminin yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131
veya ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan resen dikkate al\u0131n\u0131p incelenmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hukuk
se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise hukuk se\u00e7iminin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin
asgari korumas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Hukuk se\u00e7iminin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ise ilkin mutad i\u015fyeri
hukukunun dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi Kanun’un 27 inci maddesinde h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i i\u015fini mutad olarak tek bir \u00fclkede ifa etmi\u015f ya da mutad i\u015fyerinden ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkeye ge\u00e7ici
olarak g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f ise mutad i\u015fyerinin tespiti kolayd\u0131r ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ayn\u0131 yo\u011funlukta birden fazla
\u00fclkede ifa etti\u011fi durumlarda mutad i\u015fyerinin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak ifa
etti\u011fi merkezin tespiti m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmay\u0131p 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca
i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca e\u011fer bu
yerlerden ba\u015fka bir yerin hukuku, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk olarak
nitelendiriliyorsa belirlenen daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bu hukukun uygulama alan\u0131 bulabilece\u011fi de 27 inci
maddenin a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mutad i\u015fyerinin tespit edilememesi h\u00e2linde i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131
\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’da ayr\u0131ca i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin belirlenmesine ili\u015fkin kriterlere
yer verilmemi\u015ftir. Ancak Kanun’un 24 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki edim bor\u00e7lusunun
ticari ve mesleki faaliyetler gere\u011fi yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin madde kapsam\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131
belirtilmi\u015f olmakla sadece t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri de\u011fil ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fileri de kapsayan i\u015fyeri kavram\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131
anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda ger\u00e7ek ki\u015finin esas i\u015fyerinin ticari faaliyetlerinin bulundu\u011fu yer; t\u00fczel
ki\u015filer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise esas i\u015fyerinin ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede veya ortakl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirlenen ya da t\u00fczel
ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan birlikteliklerde ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n fiilen idare edildi\u011fi yer oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflarca a\u00e7\u0131k veya \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak bir hukuk se\u00e7imi
yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinin
d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fi daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili yer hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r. Bu f\u0131kra ile
s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun
uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda h\u00e2kime takdir hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olup mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri s\u0131k\u0131
ili\u015fkili hukukun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7inin daha lehine ise h\u00e2kim i\u015f\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha lehe oldu\u011funu
d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunu uygulamakta serbest olacakt\u0131r (Vahit Do\u011fan, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel
Hukuk, Ankara, Geni\u015fletilmi\u015f \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bask\u0131, 2015, s.392).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilen daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili
hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin menfaatine ise olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin i\u015f\u00e7inin sosyal \u00e7evresinin
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sosyal g\u00fcvence sistemi i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131, \u00fccretinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve
T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00f6denmesi, i\u015fverenin T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin T\u00fcrk Hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc kurumlar
g\u00f6zetilerek d\u00fczenlenmesi, T\u00fcrk Hukukuna t\u00e2bi daha \u00f6nceki bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi unsurlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n ya da \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131
h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin T\u00fcrk Hukuku ile s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131labilir (Do\u011fa El\u00e7in,
Milletleraras\u0131 Unsurlu Bireysel ve Toplu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk, Ankara, Birinci Bask\u0131,
2012, s. 152).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin belirli s\u00fcreli olarak yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sona ermesi nedeniyle
i\u015f\u00e7inin hak kazanaca\u011f\u0131 tazminatlar, fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, y\u0131ll\u0131k izin, i\u015fverence yap\u0131lan uygulama ve \u00f6demelerin
niteli\u011fi, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi hususlar 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesi uyar\u0131nca tayin edilen hukuka
g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2kimin yukar\u0131da belirtilen subjektif ve objektif ba\u011flama kurallar\u0131 ile uygulanacak hukuku
tespit ederken yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen h\u00e2lleri de dikkate almas\u0131 gerekmektedir.
Bunlar 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 5 ve 6 nc\u0131 maddelerinde belirtilen kamu d\u00fczeni ve do\u011frudan uygulanan
kurallard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belirtilmelidir ki, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 5 inci maddesi gere\u011fince her kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n
de\u011fil sadece T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu yabanc\u0131 hukukun ilgili
h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131na engel olaca\u011f\u0131 kabul g\u00f6rmektedir. Maddede yer alan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131stas\u0131
kamu d\u00fczeninin istisnai karakterde bir uygulama oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir (\u015eanl\u0131 vd., s.78)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla kanun koyucu yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l oldu\u011funu benimsemek
suretiyle yabanc\u0131 unsurlu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda kamu d\u00fczeni m\u00fcdahalesini s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmu\u015f ve yabanc\u0131 hukukun
uygulanmas\u0131na kamu d\u00fczeni sebebiyle engel olunmas\u0131n\u0131n istisnai nitelikte oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu
yakla\u015f\u0131mla yabanc\u0131 hukukta yer alan bir d\u00fczenlemenin i\u00e7 hukukta yer alan d\u00fczenlemeden farkl\u0131
olmas\u0131n\u0131n her zaman kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 hukukun hangi h\u00e2llerde milli kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131
\u00f6nem arzetmektedir. Kamu d\u00fczeni doktrinde genel olarak bir toplumun, belirli bir zaman dilimi
i\u00e7erisinde siyasi, sosyal, ekonomik, ahlaki ve hukuki a\u00e7\u0131lardan temel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ve temel
\u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyan kurum ve kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (S\u00fcha Tanr\u0131ver, “Yabanc\u0131 Hakem
Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Tenfizinde Kamu D\u00fczeninin Rol\u00fc”, Prof. Dr. Ali Bozer\u2019e Arma\u011fan, Ankara,
1988, s.152).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletlerin vazge\u00e7emeyece\u011fi temel ilkeler, kamu d\u00fczenini ilgilendiren kurallar olup genel
olarak kamu menfaat ve d\u00fczenini koruma amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden emredici kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, ahl\u00e2ka,
temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, kamu d\u00fczeninin m\u00fcdahalesini gerektiren hususlard\u0131r (Cemal \u015eanl\u0131,
Uluslararas\u0131 Ticari Akitlerin Haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Yollar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bas\u0131m,
2005, s. 208).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kamu d\u00fczeni kavram\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahale alan\u0131 son derece geni\u015f ve yoruma m\u00fcsaittir. T\u00fcrk kamu
d\u00fczeninin ihlalini gerektirecek h\u00e2ller \u00e7o\u011funlukla emredici bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihlali h\u00e2linde
d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclecektir. Fakat her emredici h\u00fckm\u00fcn ihlali h\u00e2linde veya her emredici h\u00fckm\u00fc ihlal eden bir yabanc\u0131
karar\u0131n T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek olanakl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130\u00e7 hukuktaki kamu
d\u00fczeninin \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, T\u00fcrk hukukunun temel de\u011ferlerine, T\u00fcrk genel adap ve ahlak anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na, T\u00fcrk
kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na, Anayasa’da yer alan temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere,
milletleraras\u0131 alanda ge\u00e7erli ortak prensiplere, medeni topluluklar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015ftereken benimsedikleri ahl\u00e2k
ilkeleri ve adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ifadesi olan hukuk prensiplerine, toplumun medeniyet seviyesine, siyasi ve
ekonomik rejimine, insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k \u015feklinde \u00e7izilebilir (Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131
Birle\u015ftirme Hukuk Genel Kurulu, 10.02.2012 tarihli ve 2010\/1 Esas, 2012\/1 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f mevzuat\u0131nda yer alan kurallar\u0131n emredici niteli\u011fi kamu d\u00fczeni m\u00fcdahalesini
her zaman gerektirmemekte olup h\u00e2kim yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini tespit etti\u011fi takdirde
yabanc\u0131 hukukun ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup
olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen h\u00e2llerden bir di\u011feri ise 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 6 nc\u0131
maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallard\u0131r. Do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar devletin mali,
ekonomik ve sosyal politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurallard\u0131r (\u015eanl\u0131 vd, s.7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar hukuki i\u015flem veya uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n niteli\u011fine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n
uygulama alan\u0131 bulan kurallard\u0131r. Zira do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar d\u00fczenleme alan\u0131na giren hususlarda
\u00f6zel kanun niteli\u011finde kabul edilmekte ve yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ili\u015fkide yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru
yokmu\u015f ve ili\u015fki bir i\u00e7 hukuk ili\u015fkisiymi\u015f gibi kabul edilerek uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011frudan uygulanan
kurallar\u0131n kamu hukuku i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131 gerekmemekle birlikte bu kurallar kamu menfaati g\u00f6zeten
m\u00fcdahaleci kurallard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede de \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkilerine etki etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitekim 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden Do\u011fan Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkilerine Uygulanacak
Hukuka \u0130li\u015fkin 593\/2008 say\u0131l\u0131 Roma I T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Roma I T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) 9 uncu maddesinde do\u011frudan
uygulanan kurallara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme getirmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, “(1) Do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar, bir
devletin politik, sosyal veya ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi kamusal menfaatlerini korumas\u0131 nedeniyle o devlet
taraf\u0131ndan bu kurallar\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren her t\u00fcrl\u00fc durumda, i\u015fbu T\u00fcz\u00fck uyar\u0131nca o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye
uygulanacak hukuka bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n uygulanacak derecede \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fclen kurallard\u0131r. (2) Bu T\u00fcz\u00fckte yer
alan hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fcm mahkemenin hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaz.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk doktrinin de zay\u0131f taraf olan i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmas\u0131n\u0131n nihai amac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkedeki i\u015f hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve
dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplum bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 korumak oldu\u011fu, bu nedenle de her ne kadar i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6zelinde i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131
g\u00f6zetme sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lsa da bu t\u00fcr kurallar\u0131n sadece bireyin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet etmemesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda
devletin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na da hizmet etmesi nedeni ile do\u011frudan uygulanan kural
olarak nitelendirilebilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan her kural\u0131n do\u011frudan uygulanacak
kural olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, her kural\u0131n getirilme amac\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi
unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r (Belk\u0131s Vural \u00c7elenk, “Yabanc\u0131 Unsurlu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde For Devletinin Do\u011frudan
Uygulanan Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Tespiti ve Uygulanmas\u0131”, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t Hukuk Dergisi, 2017, Say\u0131 1, s.286)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir anlamda bu kurallar hukuk sisteminden \u00e7ekilip \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kaos olu\u015fma ihtimali s\u00f6z
konusu olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin korunmas\u0131, do\u011fum izni, sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fe ili\u015fkin
kurallar i\u015f\u00e7iyi korumak i\u00e7in getirilmi\u015f ve cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla desteklenmi\u015f kurallard\u0131r. Bu kurallar i\u015f\u00e7inin
korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamakla birlikte temelinde devletin ekonomik d\u00fczenini ve sosyal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flarlar. Ayn\u0131
\u015fekilde asgari \u00fccret, toplu i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131karmaya ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler kamu menfaati ile ilgili kabul edilmekte ve
bu nedenle do\u011frudan uygulanan kural olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir (El\u00e7in, s. 169).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine kamu d\u00fczeninde ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu gibi her emredici kural\u0131n do\u011frudan uygulanacak kural
olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmelidir. H\u00e2kim \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen yabanc\u0131 unsurlu bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta
\u00f6ncelikle do\u011frudan uygulanan kural olarak uygulamak istedi\u011fi kural\u0131, devlet organizasyonu k\u0131stas\u0131nda
de\u011ferlendirerek kural\u0131n devletin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik menfaatleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemini tespit etmeli,
bir anlamda ilgili h\u00fckm\u00fcn amac\u0131na bakmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilgili do\u011frudan uygulanan kural\u0131n
uygulama alan\u0131na girip girmedi\u011fini belirlemelidir (Vural \u00c7elenk, s. 289).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devlet organizasyonun korunmas\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu olayda \u00fclke ile belirli bir \u015fekilde irtibatl\u0131 ya da \u00fclkede
ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde s\u00f6z konusu olur. Do\u011frudan uygulanacak kural\u0131n amac\u0131 di\u011fer bir
ifadeyle d\u00fczenlemeyi hedefledi\u011fi alan \u00fclkenin co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu takdirde kurala ili\u015fkin \u00fclkesellik
gere\u011fi ilgili kural do\u011frudan uygulanan kural kabul edilse bile i\u015fin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerin bir ba\u015fka \u00fclke olmas\u0131
h\u00e2linde uygulama alan\u0131 bulamazlar. Nitekim hafta tatili, dini ve milli bayram g\u00fcnleri ve \u00fccretlerini
d\u00fczenleyen h\u00fck\u00fcmler do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar olmakla birlikte uygulama alan\u0131 ancak ilgili \u00fclkenin
co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin tamamen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ifa edilen bir i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde T\u00fcrk hukukundaki asgari
\u00fccrete ili\u015fkin kural\u0131n uygulama alan\u0131na giren bir olay ya da ihtil\u00e2f s\u00f6z konusu olmaz (Musa Ayg\u00fcl,
\u201cYabanc\u0131 Unsurlu \u0130\u015f Hukuku \u0130htil\u00e2flar\u0131 ile \u0130lgili Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi\u201d, Feriha Bilge
Tanr\u0131bilir, G\u00fclce G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc Tun\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 (Edit\u00f6rler), 10. Y\u0131l\u0131nda Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku
Hakk\u0131nda Kanun, Ankara, 2017, s.525-526; Belk\u0131s Vural \u00c7elenk, \u201cYabanc\u0131 Unsurlu \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde
For Devletinin Do\u011frudan Uygulanan Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Tespiti ve Uygulamas\u0131\u201d, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t Hukuk
Dergisi, 2017\/1, s. 286).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u015famada genel de\u011ferlendirmelerden sonra yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine
uygulanacak hukuka ili\u015fkin ilk getirilen subjektif ba\u011flama kural\u0131 olan hukuk se\u00e7iminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131
durumunda bu se\u00e7imin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fine ve ilgisi nedeniyle 4094 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’a dayan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan
Y\u00f6netmelik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin incelenmesinde fayda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuk se\u00e7imi t\u00fcrleri ile ilgili olarak 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27 nci maddesinde bir d\u00fczenleme
bulunmamakla birlikte hukuk se\u00e7imi t\u00fcrleri ile ilgili olarak genel kural getiren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan bor\u00e7
ili\u015fkilerinde uygulanacak hukuku d\u00fczenleyen 24 \u00fcnc\u00fc madde de hukuk se\u00e7iminin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in bir \u015fekil
\u015fart\u0131 olmay\u0131p se\u00e7imin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in aranan taraf iradelerinin d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya nas\u0131l yans\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini
g\u00f6steren d\u00fczenlemelerdir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle hukuk se\u00e7iminin a\u00e7\u0131k veya z\u0131mni olmas\u0131 taraflar\u0131n
beyanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya nas\u0131l yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile alakal\u0131 bir durumdur. Buna istinaden hukuk se\u00e7imi yaz\u0131l\u0131
olabilece\u011fi gibi s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak da yap\u0131labilir. (\u0130lyas Arslan, “5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul
Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun Uyar\u0131nca S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden Do\u011fan Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Z\u0131mni Hukuk Se\u00e7imi”,
Milletleraras\u0131 Hukuk ve Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk B\u00fclteni, Cilt 33, Say\u0131 2, s.5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130stihdam Hizmetleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi ile yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015flere i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f\u00e7ilere i\u015f bulunmas\u0131,
i\u015fverenlerle i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine arac\u0131l\u0131k edilmesi ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidecek i\u015f\u00e7ilerin
i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar belirlenmi\u015ftir. Y\u00f6netmelik kapsam\u0131na yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fleri
i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye’den i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek isteyen T\u00fcrk veya yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcm firmalar girmekte olup i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ise
bir i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine dayanarak i\u015fverenin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015flerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin
kapsam\u0131na girmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130stihdam Hizmetleri Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi’nin 8 inci maddesinde yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7isi
\u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen firmalara, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istedikleri i\u015f\u00e7iler ile \u00f6rne\u011fi T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f
Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerini imzalamalar\u0131 ve akabinde T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumuna
onaylatmalar\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Aksi h\u00e2lde firmalara idari para cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile bir anlamda
yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen i\u015f\u00e7ilere asgari bir koruma sa\u011flanmak ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde
hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131nda bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak genel
hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler bulunmakta iken baz\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ise baz\u0131 konular kapsam\u0131nda hukuk
se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlere yer verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6te yandan T\u00fcrkiye’nin taraf oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 ikili
i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda anla\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflara hukuk se\u00e7imi hakk\u0131
tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131ndaki ihtilaflar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn belli bir \u00fclke hukukuna g\u00f6re \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi
esas\u0131 benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde yer alan hukuk se\u00e7imine dair
h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukukta kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f mutad i\u015fyeri ifadesi yerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke ifadesi
kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise de asl\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke ile kastedilen mutad i\u015fyeridir. Zira mutad i\u015fyerinden esas olarak
i\u015f\u00e7inin fiilen i\u015fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ( Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde Musa Ayg\u00fcl, Canan Erdo\u011fan, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f
Kurumu Taraf\u0131ndan Haz\u0131rlanan Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hizmet Akitlerindeki Hukuk Se\u00e7imine Dair Kay\u0131tlar\u0131n
Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi”, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt Prof. Dr. M. Fatih U\u015fan’a Dekanl\u0131kta 10. Y\u0131l An\u0131s\u0131na
Te\u015fekk\u00fcr Arma\u011fan\u0131, 2022, Say\u0131 2, s.765-766).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeri gelmi\u015fken belirtilmelidir ki, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin taraflarca imzalan\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f
Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 kanuni bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck olmakla birlikte i\u015f\u00e7ilerin T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumunun
internet sayfas\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini \u00f6\u011frenebilme imkanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca
yine bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin bizzat s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015f\u00e7inin bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri her zaman \u00f6\u011frenme
imkan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin \u00e7ok say\u0131da benzer s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde kullan\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla idare
taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu niteli\u011finde oldu\u011funu
s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca Kurum taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin standart-tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme
olmas\u0131 ile de genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir
(Gaye Bayc\u0131k, “\u00c7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00dczere Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131na G\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin A\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 Davalarda
Uygulanacak Hukuk”, Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hizmet S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk Uygulamas\u0131 \u0130\u015f
Hukuku Sorunlar\u0131, Elli \u0130kinci \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Arama Konferans\u0131, Intes Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.106; Ayg\u00fcl, Erdo\u011fan, s.7771)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 20 ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 bir
s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fczenleyenin ileride \u00e7ok say\u0131da benzer s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kullanmak amac\u0131yla \u00f6nceden tek
ba\u015f\u0131na haz\u0131rlayarak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa sundu\u011fu s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleridir. Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 ilk defa 6098
say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 20 nci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130\u015f
Hukukundaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm \u015fekli ise genel i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un genel i\u015flem
ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 20 il\u00e2 25 inci maddeleri genel i\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tan\u0131mdan hareketle genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131
gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu unsurlar; s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131,
\u015fartlar haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken \u00e7ok say\u0131da s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf ile m\u00fczakere
konusu yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hukuki ili\u015fkinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini olu\u015fturan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n idari
denetimden ge\u00e7iyor olmas\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin meslek birliklerince haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 veya ba\u015fkaca kurulu\u015f ve
Bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131narak d\u00fczenlenmesi bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu niteli\u011fini ortadan
kald\u0131rmaz (Murat Aydo\u011fdu, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku\u2019nda Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ve T\u00fcketici Hukuku\u2019nda
Haks\u0131z \u015eart Denetimi, Ankara, Birinci Bask\u0131, 2014,s. 7 vd; Ay\u015fe Havut\u00e7u, “6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar
Kanunu’nun Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin H\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin De\u011ferlendirilmesi”, \u0130zmir Barosu Dergisi, Nisan
2011, Say\u0131 2, s.31). Unsurlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2linde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck, yorum ve i\u00e7erik denetimine
t\u00e2bi olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck denetimi 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 21 inci maddesi gere\u011fi genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131
d\u00fczenleyen taraf, kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa s\u00f6z konusu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verip i\u00e7eri\u011finin
\u00f6\u011frenmesine imkan sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin taraflarca imzalan\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmas\u0131 kanuni bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck
olmakla birlikte i\u015f\u00e7ilerin T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Kurumunun internet sayfas\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini
\u00f6\u011frenebilme imkanlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yine bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin bizzat s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131
sebebiyle i\u015f\u00e7inin bu genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme imkan\u0131 her zaman bulunmaktad\u0131r (Bayc\u0131k, s.109;
Aydo\u011fdu, s.25; Ayg\u00fcl, Erdo\u011fan, s. 773).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yorum denetimi ise 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 23 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekle h\u00fck\u00fcm gere\u011fi
genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yorumlanmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 gerekti\u011finde d\u00fczenleyen aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf lehine
olan yorum benimsenir. Bu ilke ve \u0130\u015f Hukukunda hakim olan i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorum ilkesi gere\u011fince yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131
i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7erik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ise 25 inci madde de genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131
olacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re i\u00e7erik denetiminden
anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ise s\u00f6z konusu kurallar\u0131n d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 ve hakk\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131
a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenmesidir. Hukuk sisteminde i\u00e7erik denetimine ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni taraflar
aras\u0131nda olmas\u0131 gereken s\u00f6zle\u015fme dengesinin bozulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durumda 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin hukuk se\u00e7imi
anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fine gerek\u00e7e olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek gerekir. S\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmler, hukuk
se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131na uygulanacak hukukun T\u00fcrk Hukuku olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015flev g\u00f6rebilir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un bahsi ge\u00e7en h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, bunlar\u0131n do\u011frudan uygulanan kural niteli\u011finde kabul
edilmeleri yahut yabanc\u0131 hukukun ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131
olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde uygulanabilir (Rifat Erten, Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk Vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de
A\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Alacaklar\u0131na Dair Davalarda Milletleraras\u0131 Yetki ve Uygulanacak Hukuk Meseleleri, Prof.
Dr. R\u0131za Ayhan\u2019a Arma\u011fan, Cilt I, Ankara, 2022, s.244).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131 unsurlu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131
oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zira hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 dahi 5718 say\u0131l\u0131
Kanun gere\u011fi uygulanacak hukuk mutad i\u015fyeri hukukudur. Bu ba\u011flamda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de
\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmesinin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun se\u00e7ildi\u011fi anlam\u0131
ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k da s\u00f6z konusu olmaz ( Bayc\u0131k, s.113; Ayg\u00fcl, Erdo\u011fan, s. 775).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde i\u015fverenin bilgi verme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik
maddelerin d\u00fczenleni\u015f amac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 i\u015fveren uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek
oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla bu t\u00fcr maddeler i\u015fverenin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131na uygun
hareket etmesini sa\u011flamaya, bu ba\u011flamda i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131na uygun olarak hak ve
alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na almaya y\u00f6neliktir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015fverenin bilgi verme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal
etmesinin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller mahiyette g\u00f6r\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yorumlanmas\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorum y\u00f6ntemine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131
m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup yorum gerektirmeyecek kadar a\u00e7\u0131k olan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorumlanmas\u0131 olanakl\u0131
de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle i\u015f\u00e7i lehine yorum ilkesi yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru bulunan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda ancak
uygulanacak hukuk a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a se\u00e7ilmedi\u011finde ve daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun tespiti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekti\u011finde
uygulanabilir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda ise daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk y\u00f6n\u00fcnden
de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda imkan bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta davac\u0131 daval\u0131 i\u015fverene ait yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fantiyelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fccretinin
USD \u00fczerinden \u00f6dendi\u011fini, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin haks\u0131z olarak feshedildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 ile
bir k\u0131s\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilik alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n daval\u0131dan tahsilini talep etmi\u015f, daval\u0131 i\u015fveren ise davac\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131
\u015fantiyelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sebebiyle uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yabanc\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gerekti\u011fini
savunmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk Derece ve B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesince daval\u0131 vekilinin bu savunmas\u0131na itibar
edilmeyerek uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa T\u00fcrk Hukuku uygulanmak suretiyle karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak dosya i\u00e7eri\u011finden davac\u0131n\u0131n 29.03.2007-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131nda daval\u0131n\u0131n
Rusya\u2019daki i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmakta olup taraflar aras\u0131nda 29.12.2011 ve 21.10.2015 tarihli
belirsiz s\u00fcreli yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin bulundu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle belirtilmelidir ki, davac\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011finden i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde
yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru mevcut olmakla birlikte taraflar aras\u0131nda hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bulunmayan d\u00f6nemler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden T\u00fcrk Hukukunun ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 4857 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Kanunu
h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda \u00d6zel Daire ile B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi aras\u0131nda ihtilaf
bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taraflar aras\u0131nda imzalanan 29.12.2011 tarihli yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile 21.10.2015 tarihli yurt
d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde taraflar\u0131n i\u015f ili\u015fkisindeki hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
s\u00fcresi ve fazla mesai \u00fccreti alaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 ve
yine s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin 16 nc\u0131 maddesinde anla\u015fmazl\u0131k durumlar\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme maddelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke
mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funun belirtildi\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca ihtilaflar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6ncelikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke
mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n, bu hususta bir d\u00fczenleme olmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrk mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda
h\u00fck\u00fcm bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu itibarla davac\u0131n\u0131n 29.12.2011-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki Rusya’da ge\u00e7en \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
d\u00f6nemi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Rusya Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n
kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Rusya Hukukunun ayn\u0131 zamanda mutad
i\u015fyeri hukuku oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle 29.12.2011-27.06.2016 tarihleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma
d\u00f6nemine y\u00f6nelik bu \u00fclke hukuku uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e2l b\u00f6yle olunca Rusya Hukuku alan\u0131nda uzman bilirki\u015fiden rapor al\u0131nmak suretiyle dava
konusu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki delil durumu ile birlikte
de\u011ferlendirilerek sonucuna g\u00f6re bir karar verilmesi gerekirken T\u00fcrk Hukuku uygulanmak suretiyle
sonuca gidilmesi usul ve yasaya uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuk Genel Kurulunda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, hukuk se\u00e7iminin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin \u00f6zel
niteli\u011fi ile i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene hukuki ve ki\u015fisel olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gere\u011fi zay\u0131f taraf olan i\u015f\u00e7iyi korumak
amac\u0131yla ancak i\u015f\u00e7i lehine olmak kayd\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, taraflar aras\u0131nda imzalanan i\u015f
s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde se\u00e7ilen hukuka ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu niteli\u011finde olup matbu haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131,
s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 taraf olan i\u015f\u00e7iye uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa se\u00e7ilen
hukukun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verilmedi\u011fi, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131
sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7inin bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kabul etti\u011finin belirtilmedi\u011fi, bu nedenle taraflar i\u00e7in
ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131, 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 21 inci maddesinin emredici d\u00fczenlemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda
yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, bu nedenle Rusya Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u00f6zle\u015fme
h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu, T\u00fcrk Hukukunun istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde uzun s\u00fcreden beri uygulanmas\u0131na
ra\u011fmen sonradan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine gidilmesinin hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile s\u00fcrpriz karar vermeme ilkelerine
ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu, ayr\u0131ca taraflar aras\u0131nda eylemli olarak i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde T\u00fcrk Hukukunun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131, 5718
say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 5 ve 6 nc\u0131 maddeleri kapsam\u0131nda davac\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrk ve i\u015fvereni de T\u00fcrk Hukuk Mevzuat\u0131na
tabii olan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar olmas\u0131 sebebiyle T\u00fcrk
Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n isabetli oldu\u011fu ve direnme karar\u0131n\u0131n usul ve yasaya uygun oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc
ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Kurul \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O h\u00e2lde Hukuk Genel Kurulunca da benimsenen \u00d6zel Daire bozma karar\u0131na uyulmas\u0131
gerekirken \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmde direnilmesi do\u011fru olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle direnme karar\u0131 bozulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


VII. KARAR
A\u00e7\u0131klanan sebeple;
Daval\u0131 vekilinin temyiz itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile direnme karar\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6zel Daire bozma karar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen
nedenlerden dolay\u0131 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 371 inci maddesi gere\u011fince BOZULMASINA (oy \u00e7oklu\u011fuyla),
Bozma nedenine g\u00f6re davac\u0131 vekilinin temyiz itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na (oy birli\u011fiyle),
\u0130stek h\u00e2linde temyiz pe\u015fin harc\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131ranlara geri verilmesine,
Dosyan\u0131n 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 373 maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesine
g\u00f6nderilmesine,
24.05.2023 tarihinde kesin olarak karar verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

”K A R \u015e I O Y”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temel uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k “taraflar\u0131 T\u00fcrk uyruklu i\u015f\u00e7i ile T\u00fcrkiye’de i\u015fyeri tescili bulunan ve T\u00fcrk
hukukuna t\u00e2bi t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olan i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda i\u015fverenin \u00fcstlendi\u011fi yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fyerlerindeki
\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan do\u011fan i\u015f\u00e7ilik alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta taraflarca se\u00e7ilen hukukun uygulan\u0131p
uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ” noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hukuk Genel Kurulu’nun 10 May\u0131s 2023 g\u00fcn\u00fc incelenen 2022\/9-873, 892, 985, 1237 Esaslar\u0131nda ayn\u0131
t\u00fcr uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta yaz\u0131lan kar\u015f\u0131 oylar gerek\u00e7esinde a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin niteli\u011fi ve i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene hukuki ve ki\u015fisel olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131\u011f\u0131, zay\u0131f konumda olmas\u0131
neden ile korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131na dair
s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 M\u00d6HUK’un 5 inci ve 6 nc\u0131 maddelerinde \u00f6n ko\u015ful olan kamu
d\u00fczeni ve T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131, i\u015fverenin s\u00f6zle\u015fmede fiili olarak T\u00fcrk
Hukukun uygulamas\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerine g\u00f6re direnme karar\u0131 yerindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5718 say\u0131l\u0131 M\u00d6HUK’un 12.12.2007 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdikten sonra an\u0131lan kanunun 5 ve 6 nc\u0131
maddeleri kapsam\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’de kurulu bulunan i\u015fverenler ile T\u00fcrk uyruklu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131lar\u0131na
“T\u00fcrk Hukukunun” uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 istikrarl\u0131 olarak uygulayan Yarg\u0131tay\u0131n uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara bakan
Dairelerinin birle\u015fmesi ve tek Daire olmas\u0131ndan sonra g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirerek “se\u00e7ilen yabanc\u0131 hukukun”
uygulanmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmi\u015ftir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, s\u00fcrpriz karar vermeme
ilkelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Direnme karar\u0131 ile Hukuk Genel Kurulu \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta, \u00d6zel Dairenin istikrarl\u0131
i\u00e7tihad\u0131ndan d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Direnme karar\u0131nda hukuk g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ilkesinden s\u00f6z
edilmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 i\u015fverenle ilgili bir \u00e7ok karar\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin de yukar\u0131da
a\u00e7\u0131klanan hukuki gerek\u00e7elerle yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 M\u00d6HUK’un i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan h\u00fck\u00fcmleri g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Yabanc\u0131
unsurlu i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen yabanc\u0131 hukuk uygulanacak olsa da nispi emredici kurallar kapsam\u0131nda
lehe olan h\u00fck\u00fcmleri dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131, asgari koruma ise T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re belirlenmeli idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukarda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere;
1) Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmede se\u00e7ilen hukuk d\u00fczenlemesinin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi,
2) Eylemli olarak taraflarca i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde T\u00fcrk Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131,
3) 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 M\u00d6HUK’un 5 ve 6 nc\u0131 maddeleri kapsam\u0131nda davac\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7isi T\u00fcrk, i\u015fvereni T\u00fcrk Hukuk
Mevzuat\u0131na tabii olan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda
direnme karar\u0131 isabetli olup, say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun bozma gerek\u00e7esine kat\u0131l\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T.C. YARGITAY HUKUK GENEL KURULU T\u00dcRK M\u0130LLET\u0130 ADINA YARGITAY \u0130L\u00c2MIEsas No : 2023\/9-196Karar No : 2023\/520 \u0130NCELENEN KARARINMAHKEMES\u0130 : \u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 30. Hukuk DairesiTAR\u0130H\u0130 : \u2026\u2026..SAYISI : 2022\/\u2026. E., 2022\/\u2026. K.DAVACI : \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 vekili Avukat \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026DAVALI : \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 vekili Avukat \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026DAVA TAR\u0130H\u0130 : 14.12.2016KARAR : Davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcneTEMY\u0130Z EDEN : Daval\u0131 vekili, Davac\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/659"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=659"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":664,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/659\/revisions\/664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/arabaciogluhukuk.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}